Every domain name is held through a registrar (the company you pay) and recorded by a registry (the operator of the extension, such as Verisign for .com). Both publish registration data through WHOIS or its successor RDAP.
What a record shows
- Dates: when the domain was created, last updated, and when it expires.
- Status: EPP codes such as
clientTransferProhibited or redemptionPeriod. - Nameservers: the DNS servers that answer for the domain.
- DNSSEC: whether DNS answers are cryptographically signed.
- Contacts: often redacted for privacy; the registrar abuse contact is usually public.
DNS and email records
The registry only records which nameservers answer for a domain. The records those servers publish — A/AAAA addresses, MX mail servers, TXT entries such as SPF and DMARC, and CAA certificate rules — decide where the website and email actually go. Each comes with a TTL, the time other resolvers may cache it.
IP addresses and AS numbers
IP blocks are allocated by five regional internet registries — ARIN, RIPE NCC, APNIC, LACNIC and AFRINIC — and their RDAP records show the network range, holder and abuse contact. Networks announce their blocks to the rest of the internet under an autonomous system (AS) number; routing data shows which AS announces an address and who it connects to.